Of the style guides that address spacing in this context, most AP Stylebook , Chicago Manual of Style , Canadian Style , The Economist Style Guide say to leave no space bn , for example , although it is also common in books and newspaper articles to see the abbreviation preceded by a space. Since there is no universally accepted way of abbreviating these words, the best practice is to be consistent with whatever system of short forms you choose and to ensure that the meanings of your chosen short forms are clear to your audience—for example by establishing at some point in the text that M stands for million , and so forth.
Most style guides agree that it is best to spell out these words in full where possible, and to use the abbreviations where spacing is limited e. The Guardian and The Telegraph spell out thousand , million , etc.
Scientific texts, on the other hand, avoid appellations like million , billion and trillion and instead use scientific notation when writing about very large and very small numbers. At first glance, pluralizing words in English might look trivially easy. All you need to do is add -s : one word , two words. There are plenty of irregular plural forms too, though, like one child, two children and one mouse , two mice. This Language Matters instalment asks why the final -s is the dominant way to mark plural nouns, but not the only one.
Invoking the year is a punchy, concise way to advocate for improvement, but despite its frequent use, it is sometimes criticized for promoting a nonuniversal belief that progress is inevitable and for being a lazy substitute for more rigorous argumentation. So, is it time to move on from it? The reason for this is no mystery; they have never been a prominent part of the English writing system, unlike most languages that use a Latin script.
Although many people call them accents , the correct name for these symbols is diacritic mark or simply diacritic. But the industry had different plans. His catalogue contains some of the most potent imagery and lucid storytelling about poverty and the desperation that it breeds, all while dominating mainstream pop music, in a delicate tightrope act that almost no one else has ever been able to manage for the span of time that Jay has.
His merging of thinking-man street raps with commercial hits paved the way for artists like Kendrick Lamar and J. Cole to do the same today. But as an adolescent, he put his hobby on the backburner and crack sales on the front.
He followed that with the inconsistent, overly polished In My Lifetime, Vol. From through , Jay was unstoppable. He released at least one project annually, while nurturing promising new talent like Philadelphia-based rappers Freeway and Beanie Sigel. With the help of brilliant music minds like Kanye West, Just Blaze, and the Neptunes, Jay dictated the course of hip-hop and emerged as a keen songwriter who knew exactly how to maximize the strengths of his collaborators.
He released his career-defining LP The Blueprint in and released the excellent retirement fake-out The Black Album just two years later. But Jay never really committed to his retirement.
From on, he seemed hell-bent on proving that he still had what it took to keep the No. Every release from this period of his career had a strategic selling point, whether it was a marquee collaborator like R. These albums range from lyrically and musically progressive, to painfully awkward and unfocused. The expensive, No I. A-sampling cut is a misguided attempt at celebrating stand-up women and shaming shady ones.
The project was doomed, though, once a video that allegedly shows the Chicago singer having sex with and urinating on an underage girl began making the rounds — Jay wisely fell back from the project like Homer Simpson sinking into a bush.
The controversy seemed to be simmering down two years later despite 14 then-pending child-pornography charges against Kelly in Chicago and the two stars gave it another go. Maurice White deserved better.
The following year, Kelly was actually arrested in Miami after police found 12 images of a nude, underage girl in his Florida home. Those child-pornography charges were later dropped after a technicality deemed the photos inadmissible in court. But yeah, this song is okay, I guess. Singer K. Carter : From the music to the lyrics, this song feels limp. Aside from being a vehicle to showcase Amil, who already has two other appearances on this album, it really has no reason to exist.
And Mr. Even the titles are nearly identical, ugh. Musically, the sum is not greater than its parts. Blige—featuring track recorded to boost anticipation for their co-headlining Heart of the City tour that year. Carter : A passable Roc-A-Fella posse cut that feels more like a team-building exercise. The verses are choppy and the song is mostly bloated with soundbites from older material. The song reeks of trendy pandering; the polychromatic music video, with its fish-eye camerawork, is a Top 10 corniest Hov moment.
Kelly sings about trying to conjure the sexiest lyrics and music possible for this actual song, and Jay enables him by dropping eight bars of metaphors about waistlines and bass lines.
As the album played, attendees watched an outer-space light show, with shooting stars zipping across an overhead screen. Carter : Jay personifies diamonds to fit the plot of the cop comedy Blue Streak this song also appears on the soundtrack. But this cut seems more like cubic zirconia compared to harder Swizz-produced singles of the era i. Here he presents his unlikely success as a disruptive force, likening himself to Muhammad Ali and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. How could you not root for this guy?
Still, this beat is plodding, and the track slows the momentum of Vol. It approaches gimmicky ground when he introduces his own rap prospect, but J. Instead it became a stand-alone short that finds Hov announcing his partial ownership of the Brooklyn Nets. There are some important messages about the struggle of being a black creative on here, mixed with ideas on acceptable Instagram etiquette, according to Shawn Corey Carter. Kelly express the confusion that comes with fake friends, both sounding conflicted.
You can hear the latter here in references to Yasiin Bey a. The final draft retained some subliminal shots, but ultimately sounds like Hov is shadowboxing with himself. Beanie Sigel and Jay-Z lend their support by splitting a verse. This is one of his more overt examples — over a dreary piano backdrop, he compares the plight of soldiers to that of street hustlers. Blige sample. He boasts about his maturity, which entails everything from smoking Cuban cigars to maintaining an excellent credit score.
Kelly and Jay-Z. On the track, Jay skims through his life story, from growing up without a father to sonning his rap competition. The two rappers, with their different yet harmonious approaches, conquer a bubbly curveball of a beat by Q-Tip. Carter : Ironically, Jay ended up in trouble with the law around the time of the release of this extended metaphor comparing his musical rise to a high-profile criminal trial.
Carter : The one-minute intro to this song shines brightest, as Jay makes clear just how comfortable he is with handling and using his gun. The song samples the theme music from its titular TV series, but Jay neglects to name-drop another Brooklyn-born hardass: the Honorable Judge Judy. Jay examines that repetition, mulling over the influence of his own criminal activities on the nephews who look up to him.
You can use this program to verify that your submission is properly formatted. The dataset and challenge are available strictly for research and non-commercial use. You may not redistribute or make available any part or whole of this dataset. You may not use the dataset or challenge to reverse engineer any aspect of Spotify's technology, or intellectual property, nor attempt to identify any individuals from the data. As mentioned above, the dataset has been non-uniformly sampled, and is not representative of the true distribution of playlists on the Spotify platform, and must not be interpreted as such in any research or analysis performed on the dataset.
Chen, P. Lamere, M. Schedl, and H. Zamani, M. Schedl, P. Lamere, C. Details on each of the top submissions, including papers, slides, and code, can be found on the RecSys Challenge website , and in the Proceedings of the ACM Recommender Systems Challenge The Million Playlist Dataset was developed by the following researchers at Spotify :. The RecSys Challenge was organized by:. For any queries, please create a post on Discourse or contact:.
Round 1: days left. Spotify Million Playlist Dataset Challenge A dataset and open-ended challenge for music recommendation research. By Spotify. We define the task formally as follows: Input A user-created playlist, represented by: Playlist metadata see the dataset README K seed tracks: a list of K tracks in the playlist, where K can equal 0, 1, 5, 10, 25, or Output A list of recommended candidate tracks, ordered by relevance in decreasing order.
R-precision R-precision is the number of retrieved relevant tracks divided by the number of known relevant tracks i. Rank Aggregation Final rankings will be computed by using the Borda Count election strategy. Submissions should be made in the following comma-separated format: All fields are comma separated. It is OK but optional to have whitespace before and after the comma.
Comments are allowed with a ' ' at the beginning of a line. Empty lines are OK they are ignored. Important note about submissions: The seed tracks, provided as part of the challenge set, must not be included in the submission.
The submission for any particular playlist must not contain duplicated tracks. A submission must contain exactly tracks post deduplication.
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