The disturbances spread as far as Yorkshire, Derbyshire and Somerset. When Tyler fell, the King declared that he would lead the rebels and drew them away from Smithfield, averting any attempt to revenge Tyler.
Commissions were issued against the rebels, and many were killed by judicial and military action in Essex, Norfolk and elsewhere. The letters of manumission granted at Mile End were cancelled.
In November , a general pardon was issued to the rebels, except those involved in the most serious incidents. Although no poll tax was levied again for nearly years, the impact of the revolt on such trends as the decline of serfdom is unclear. Nevertheless, it is evident from the work of authors such as John Gower and William Langland that the revolt cast a long cultural and social shadow.
As late as , Sussex villagers were still terrified that Jack Straw might come again. This is not a comprehensive bibliography of the revolt, but suggests some useful starting points if you would like to find out more. A lively and authoritative narrative of the rising. Caroline M. Lucid overview of events in London and the relationship of the revolt to city politics. Davis , ed. Henry-Mayr Harting and R.
Moore London: Hambledon, , pp. Detailed narrative of the outbreak of the revolt, emphasising evidence for strategic co-ordination by the rebels.
Samuel K. An indispensable introduction to the rising with extensive translations of primary sources. Hilton and T. Aston Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, , pp. Heckmann and J. Showing how the rebels in East Anglia were as sophisticated in their ideological outlook as those in Kent, Essex and London. Reviews evidence from the course of the revolt to suggest that rebels had military experience.
Discusses the involvement of women in the revolt both as participants and victims. Pioneering analysis of the social and economic character of the rising.
Influential discussion of the literary and cultural impact of the rising. Key discussion of the amnesty to the rebels. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice. Oxford Reference. Publications Pages Publications Pages. Recently viewed 0 Save Search. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.
Subscriber sign in You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Username Please enter your Username. Password Please enter your Password. After being tried for treason he is hanged, drawn and quartered on 15 July On one side of the river were 50, Kent rebels and on the other side, another 60, from Essex. On 13 June they set about to do the most damage as had been seen in their campaign so far, destroying property — most significantly, the Savoy Palace of John of Gaunt , the third son of the deceased Edward III and the uncle of the current king Richard II.
They also murdered foreign people — particularly the Flemish — and those dressed in livery, mounting their severed heads on spikes. Richard eventually agreed to meet with the rebels again to hear their terms at Mile End, but as he left the Tower of London, a band of rebels made their way in.
All men were brutally executed on Tower Hill. If he had been caught, it is unlikely he would have ever become King Henry IV 18 years later.
Eventually, at another parley on 15 June in Smithfield, the rebellion ended after an altercation between one of its leaders, Wat Tyler, and the mayor of London, William Walworth.
After a skirmish, Walworth killed Tyler and the rebels disbanded, only to be pursued and made an example of in the weeks and months that followed. John Ball and Wat Tyler were the most well-known leaders of the revolt.
He was a tiler of houses and represented the labouring people who took part in the revolt. There was also another leader called Jack Straw, from Suffolk, but there is speculation over his role, or even if he and Tyler were the same person.
The origins of the revolt lie in the Parliament held in at Northampton. Tensions had already been high between John of Gaunt and the citizens of London , after he threatened the bishop of London and involved himself in city and mercantile affairs.
It was for this reason that Parliament was held in Northampton, rather than Westminster. Here, it became clear that the crown was in a precarious financial state. The French and Spanish intimidated the coastline, and funds were urgently needed to defend both the country and important military garrisons such as Calais. It was decided that another tax would have to be implemented — and it was the labouring classes that would have to bear the brunt.
The tax was raised to three times its normal amount; three groats to any person over the age of Initially, this was due to be collected in two waves: the first in the early spring and the second in the summer. But the treasurer Robert Hales pushed for a single, brutal collection.
Eventually, it faced so much backlash that bailiffs were known to flee towns, or even refuse to collect in fear for their lives. A more formal backlash began in the town of Brentwood in Essex, as the people threatened a collector, John Bampton, who ran for his life back to London. Once they were admitted into the city, they gathered more recruits and stormed Fleet Prison, Temple, and the property of the master of the Hospital of St John in Farringdon.
The most damage they did in London was to the Savoy Palace, the home of John of Gaunt , who was one of their main targets.
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